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THE WESTWARD MOVEMENT:
Its Effect on Humanity
By Margaret Mannion

A Choctaw family, Choctaw Reservation, Oklahoma, 1918. Photograph at Marquette University Archives. In the 19^th century, most Choctaws, including this family, were moved from their homeland in Mississippi to Oklahoma. During this era of westward expansion, many American Indian groups were similarly removed from their homelands, often by force, and relocated in Oklahoma and other western states.