THEO 221  Intertestamental Literature

Course Description and Schedule

Instructor: Dr. Andrei Orlov

Email: andrei.orlov@mu.edu

Phones:  414-288-7649 (office); 414-962-3460 (home)

Office: Coughlin Hall, 217

 


Goals for This Course:  

The main objective of this course is investigation of the conceptual world of the non-biblical Jewish literature of the late Second Temple period and its formative value for early Christian theology.

 


Format:

Seminar - a mixture of introductory lectures, discussions, and student led presentations

 


Language Prerequisites:

Hebrew and Greek would be useful to our study. Students will be encouraged to utilize relevant sources in French and/or German in preparation of their longer papers.

 


Required Texts:

1. G. W. E. Nickelsburg, Jewish Literature between the Bible and the Mishnah: A Historical and Literary Introduction (2nd edition; Fortress Press, 2005) (Nickelsburg).

2. The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha (vol. 1): Apocalyptic Literature and Testaments (ed. J. H. Charlesworth; Doubleday, 1985 [1983]) (OTP).

3. G. Vermes, The Complete Dead Sea Scrolls in English (Penguin, 2004) (Vermes).

4. Reserve Materials.

 


 Assignments:

Two short seminar papers/presentations (3-5 pages each); one longer course paper (15-20 pages).

1. The first short paper/presentation will be a status quaestionis (“state of the question” – “S.Q.”) report on an intertestamental document discussed in this course. (Please announce your choices by Wednesday, September 7. I would prefer no duplication, so please discuss your preferences among yourselves). The report should attempt to address the following questions: What are the hypothetical date and the provenance of the text? In what languages has the text survived? State of preservation, critical editions, original language, structure, historical and theological importance, possible social groups behind the text, relation to other apocalyptic texts, the best secondary literature. You can start your preparation for the paper by reading introductions to the texts in Charlesworth’s The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha. However, since Charlesworth’s volume was published more than twenty years ago you will need to supplement it with a newer scholarship. New edition of George W. E. Nickelsburg’s  Jewish Literature between the Bible and the Mishnah provides the most recent information on the major intertestamental texts. If you are “at sea” about what sort of resources to use, you are welcome to confer with your instructor and may also wish to consult these bibliographical guides: J. H. Charlesworth with J. A. Mueller, The New Testament Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha: A Guide to Publications, with Excursuses on Apocalypses (American Theological Library Association Bibliography Series. Metuchen, NJ/London: American Theological Library Association and Scarecrow Press, 1987); J.-C. Haelewyck, Clavis Apocryphorum Veteris Testamenti (Brepols: Turnhout, 1998); A. Lehnhardt, Bibliographie zu den jüdischen Schriften aus hellenistisch-romischer Zeit (Gütersloh, 1999); L. diTommazo, A Bibliography of Pseudepigrapha Research 1850-1999 (Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 2001).

For bibliographies on the Jewish Pseudepigrapha see:

https://www.marquette.edu/maqom/

http://www.uni-leipzig.de/~nt/asp/biblio.htm

 http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/~www_sd/bibliog.html

For the complete searchable bibliography of the studies in the Dead Sea Scrolls see:  

 http://orion.mscc.huji.ac.il/resources/bib/bibliosearch.shtml

2. The second short paper/presentation will be a dense reading of selected passages. (Please announce your choices by Wednesday, September 7).

You can choose a passage of any length but I recommend no more than one page. It will be ideal if a student can concentrate on one or two major traditions/themes in the selected passage (such as roles and titles of the major “heroes” [Enoch, Noah, Jacob, Moses, Son of Man, etc]; details of heavenly realities: heavenly temple, throne, liturgy; angels, demons, agents of judgment; details of heavenly ascent, transformation of the visionary; heavenly counterparts, messianic expectations, priestly successions, etc) and explore the stage of the development of the selected tradition/theme and its background in other texts. The dense reading should attempt to address the following questions:

  • What is the major theme(s)/motif(s) of the particular passage?

  • Where is this tradition/motif originated? How this tradition is reflected in the Old Testament?

  • How it was reshaped in the intertestamental text?

  • What is afterlife of this tradition/motif in subsequent Jewish and Christian developments?

  • What is the technical terminology of the passage?

  • What was the original linguistic background of this technical vocabulary and how it was evolved during the subsequent translations?  

  • What is the significance of this tradition/motif for the given “hero”? Was it polemically appropriated from other “patron”?

The short papers/presentations should contain 3-4 pages of single spaced prose or outline format and a page of bibliography, to be passed out to all class-members ONE WEEK before class discussion.

3. The major assignment will be a seminar paper of 15-20 pages, focusing on a literary, theological, social, or historical question pertaining to the intertestamental texts and traditions. The paper is due December 7. The topic of the final paper will be chosen by student. It can be based on student’s short papers/presentations. Your final paper should conform to the style sheet presented in the SBL Handbook of Style (Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson Publishers, 1999). The Handbook can be found in the library (CALL NUMBER: PN 147.S26) and on the Internet

The initial paper proposal should be one or two pages of single space prose describing your topic and the aims of your project plus another page of preliminary bibliography. The paper proposal with bibliography is due to instructor on Monday, October 3.

4. Attendance, assigned reading and active participation in seminar discussions are of primary importance. Note that assigned readings are to be completed before each session. Evaluation of the student’s performance will be based on class participation, paper-proposal, two short presentations/papers, and especially the final paper.

 


  • All electronic documents listed in the schedule are available for download only as *. pdf files. These files require free Adobe Acrobat Reader in order to be viewed.

 


 

COURSE SCHEDULE:

WEEK 1:

Monday, August 29: Introduction to the Course

  • Introductions of Students and Instructor

  • Discussion of Syllabus

 

Wednesday, August 31: Introduction to the Intertestamental literature 1

JEWISH PSEUDEPIGRAPHA

Required Reading:

  • J. Charlesworth, “Introduction for the General Reader,” in OTP 1.xx1-xxxiv

  • G. Nickelsburg, Jewish Literature between the Bible and the Mishnah, 1-7.

 

Background Reading:

 

WEEK 2:

Monday, September 5: Labor Day; classes excused

 

Wednesday, September 7: Introduction to the Intertestamental literature 2

CANON AND AUTHORSHIP

Required Reading:

 

WEEK 3:

Monday, September 12: Introduction to the Intertestamental literature 3

SOCIAL AND RELIGIOUS GROUPS

 

Required Reading:

 

Background Reading:

  • G. Boccaccini, Roots of Rabbinic Judaism (Eerdmans, 2002).

  • P. Hanson, The Dawn of Apocalyptic (Fortress, 1979) 209-279.

 

Wednesday, September 14: Introduction to the Intertestamental Literature 4

APOCALYPTICISM

 

Required Reading:

 

Background Reading:

 

WEEK 4: THE ENOCH TRADITION

Monday, September 19 and Wednesday, September 21

 

Primary Text:

The Book of the Watchers (1 Enoch 1-36) (OTP, 1.13-29)

 

Secondary Text:

Qumran Enochic Fragments (Vermes, 545-550).

 

Required Reading:

 

Background Reading:

  • M. Barker, The Lost Prophet: The Book of Enoch and Its Influence on Christianity (Nashville: Abingdon, 1988). H. Kvanvig, Roots of Apocalyptic: the Mesopotamian Background of the Enoch Figure and of the Son of Man (WMANT, 61; Neukirchen-Vluyn: Neukirchener Verlag, 1988). “The Book of the Watchers” and “Possible Stages in the Literary Development of 1 Enoch,” in: Nickelsburg, Jewish Literature between the Bible and the Mishnah.

 

Suggested Passages for Dense Readings:

1 Enoch 6-8

1 Enoch 14

 

WEEK 5: THE ENOCH TRADITION (CONT.)

Monday, September 26 and Wednesday, September 28

 

Primary Text:

2 Enoch 1-22 (OTP, 1.102-141)

 

Secondary Text:

3 Enoch 1-16 (OTP, 1.255-268)

 

Required Reading:

 

Background Reading:

 

Suggested Passages for Dense Reading:

2 Enoch 22

3 Enoch 3

3 Enoch 13

3 Enoch 15

 

WEEK 6: THE NOAH TRADITION

Monday, October 3 and Wednesday, October 5

 

Primary Texts:

1 Enoch 106 (OTP, 1.86-87)

The Genesis Apocryphon (Vermes, 480-491)

1Q19 (Vermes, 554-555)

 

Secondary Texts:

2 Enoch 67-72 (OTP, 1.195-211)

 

Required Reading:

  • D. Dimant, “Noah in Early Jewish Literature,” in:  Biblical Figures outside the Bible (eds. M. Stone et al.; Harrisburg: Trinity Press International, 1998) 123-150.

 

Background Reading:

 

Suggested Passages for Dense Readings:

1 Enoch 106

1Q19

2 Enoch 71

 

WEEK 7: THE MOSES TRADITION

Monday, October 10 and Wednesday, October 12

 

Primary Text:

Exagoge of Ezekiel the Tragedian

 

Secondary Texts:

Words of the Luminaries (Vermes, 377-380)

 

Required Reading:

 

Background Reading:

 

Suggested Passages for Dense Readings:

Exagoge 68-80

Exagoge 83-85

 

 

WEEK 8: THE JACOB TRADITION

Monday, October 17 and Wednesday, October 19

 

Primary Text:

Ladder of Jacob (OTP, 2.407-411)

 

Secondary Texts:

Prayer of Joseph (OTP, 2.713-714)

 

Required Reading:

 

Suggested Passages for Dense Readings:

Ladder of Jacob 1

Ladder of Jacob 4

 

WEEK 9: THE BARUCH TRADITION

Monday, October 24 and Wednesday, October 26

 

Primary Text:

3 Baruch (OTP, 1.662-679)

 

Secondary Text:

2 Baruch (OTP, 1.621-652)

 

Required Reading:

  • Edward Wright “Baruch: His Evolution from Scribe to Apocalyptic Seer,” in:  Biblical Figures outside the Bible (eds. M. Stone et al.; Harrisburg: Trinity Press International, 1998) 264-289.

 

Background Reading:

 

Suggested Passages for Dense Readings:

3 Baruch 4

2 Baruch 36

 

WEEK 10: THE ABRAHAM TRADITION

Monday, October 31 and Wednesday, November 2

 

Primary Text:

Apocalypse of Abraham (OTP, 1.689-705)

 

Secondary Text:

Testament of Abraham (OTP, 1.882-902)

 

Required Reading:

  • “Apocalypse of Abraham” and “”Testament of Abraham” in Nickelsburg’s Jewish Literature.

 

Background Reading:

  • G. Nickelsburg, “Abraham the Convert: A Jewish Tradition and Its Use by the Apostle Paul,” in:  Biblical Figures outside the Bible (eds. M. Stone et al.; Harrisburg: Trinity Press International, 1998) 151-175.

 

Suggested Passages for Dense Readings:

Apocalypse of Abraham 10

Apocalypse of Abraham 13

Apocalypse of Abraham 25

Testament of Abraham 10-11 (recension B)

 

 

WEEK 11: THE EZRA TRADITION

Monday, November 7 and Wednesday, November 9

 

Primary Text:

4 Ezra (OTP, 1.525-559)

 

Required Reading:

 

Background Reading:

  • T. Bergren, “Ezra and Nehemiah Square off in the Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha,” in:  Biblical Figures outside the Bible (eds. M. Stone et al.; Harrisburg: Trinity Press International, 1998) 340-366. “4 Ezra” and “Relationships between 4 Ezra and 2 Baruch,” in: Nickelsburg, Jewish Literature between the Bible and the Mishnah.

 

 

Suggested Passages for Dense Readings:

4 Ezra 13

 

 

WEEK 12: THE LEVI TRADITION

Monday, November 14 and Wednesday, November 16

 

Primary Text:

Testament of Levi (OTP, 1.788-795)

 

Required Reading:

  • “Aramaic Levi Document” and “Testament of Levi,” in: Nickelsburg, Jewish Literature between the Bible and the Mishnah. M. de Jonge and J. Tromp, “Jacob's Son Levi in the Old Testament Pseudepigrapha and Related Literature,” in:  Biblical Figures outside the Bible (eds. M. Stone et al.; Harrisburg: Trinity Press International, 1998) 203-236.

 

Background Reading:

  • M. Stone et al., Aramaic Levi Document: Edition, Translation, Commentary (Leiden: Brill, 2004).

 

Suggested Passages for Dense Readings:

Testament of Levi 2

Testament of Levi 8

 

WEEK 13: No Classes

 

Monday, November 21 – Andrei Orlov in Philadelphia for AAR/SBL annual meeting – No Class

 

Wednesday, November 23 – Thanksgiving Holiday

 

WEEK 14: THE MELCHISEDEK TRADITION

Monday, November 28 and Wednesday, November 30

 

Primary Texts:

11Q13 (Vermes, 532-534)

The Testament of Amram (Vermes, 570-573)

4Q280, 4Q286 (Vermes, 394-395)

 

Secondary Text:

2 Enoch 71-72 (OTP, 1.204-211)

 

Required Reading:

  • P. Kobelski, Melchizedek and Melchiresha (Washington: The Catholic Biblical Association of America, 1981) 49-74.

 

Background Reading:

  • F. Horton, The Melchizedek Tradition: A Critical Examination of the Sources to the Fifth Century A.D. and in the Epistle to the Hebrews (SNTSMS, 30; Cambridge/London/New York/Melbourne: Cambridge University, 1976). B. Pearson, “Melchizedek in Early Judaism, Christianity, and Gnosticism,” in:  Biblical Figures outside the Bible (eds. M. Stone et al.; Harrisburg: Trinity Press International, 1998) 176-202.

 

Suggested Passages for Dense Readings:

11Q13

The Testament of Amram (4Q544, fr. 2)

4Q280

4Q286

 

WEEK 15: THE SON OF MAN TRADITION

Monday, December 5 and Wednesday, December 7

THE FINAL PAPER IS DUE (December, 7)

 

Primary Text:

The Book of the Parables (1 Enoch 37-71) (OTP, 29-50).

 

Secondary Texts:

The Book of Daniel 7

4 Ezra 13

NT passages about the Son of Man

 

Required Reading:

 

Background Reading:

  • J. Collins, “The Heavenly Representative: The ‘Son of Man’ in the Similitudes of Enoch,” in: J. J. Collins and G. W. E. Nickelsburg (eds.), Ideal Figures in Ancient Judaism: Profiles and Paradigms (SCS, 12; Chico, CA: Scholars Press, 1980) 111-133.

  • J. VanderKam, “Righteous One, Messiah, Chosen One, and Son of Man in 1 Enoch 37-71,” in: The Messiah: Developments in Earliest Judaism and Christianity. The First Princeton Symposium on Judaism and Christian Origins (eds. J. H. Charlesworth et al.; Minneapolis: Fortress, 1992) 169-91.

 

Suggested Passages for Dense Readings:

1 Enoch 46

1 Enoch 71

 

 


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