You can reach Milwaukee by Air.

https://www.mitchellairport.com/

Uber and Lift will cost about $20.00

There are regular train services from Chicago to Milwaukee. It is an hour-and-a-half trip.

The fare is about $25.00

From Chicago O'hare International Airport to Milwaukee. It is a 2-hour bus ride.

The fare is about $35.00

Professor Francis O. C. Njoku,
Department of Philosophy
University of Nigeria, Nsukka
francis.njoku@unn.edu.ng

Migration regards movement, that is, living in the space where one had been identified with to a new location. Individuals, groups, and communities have always moved for various reasons. This spatial alteration ontologically relates to identity and survival; hence, the philosophical issues that hover around persons within state of flux. Have they remained the same, or have they changed? Or how should the alteration in movement affect their being or humanity?

Interestingly, the migration of peoples into the ancient Roman Empire fertilized the idea of law of nations or international law that humanity is linked together by common essence without necessarily being detained by cultural particularities in a process. The paper intends to underscore that migration has been in the blood of humanity, having been one of its strengths in survival. The law of commonality that brought it as a social wealth to the consciousness of humanity can still hold the key to its admirable endurance in general and particular contexts. The wisdom of the ancient Romans in managing difference and harnessing its richness, therefore, can still cast illuminating eyes on the challenging reality of migration within the present global setting.

Bouba Diakité
Marquette University

This presentation explores the multifaceted role of the "passeur" (smuggler) in Togolese writer Kagni Alem's theatrical work "Atterrissage,"(2015) inspired by the tragic 1999 incident of Yaguine and Fodé, two Guinean teenagers found dead in the landing gear of a Sabena flight to Brussels.  Departing from the prevalent negative portrayals of smugglers in immigration discourses, the paper will propose an interpretative framework based on the canonical scheme of transition. Exploring cultural, psychological, and historical dimensions, the study will draw parallels between the smuggler and mythical /religious facilitators, framing them as creative tropes whose mission is to fulfill duties like creators able to expose social and psychological struggles otherwise unnoticed.  The paper aims to present the "passeur" (smuggler) not as a bandit but rather as a vital intermediary that simultaneously embodies the notions of border and its erasure. Therefore, the "passeur" functions as an integral component of institutional and borderless networking by allowing indirect testimony and establishing layers of filters within the communication process among exclusive cultural space.  Within this scope of the conference themes, "Decoding Ambiguity: The Smuggler, a Bandit, or a Storyteller?" aims at contributing to the critical understanding of migration, borders, and economics by unraveling the complexity of the "passeur's" role in (re)telling tragic stories otherwise destined to be ignored and forgotten. As the paradigm for the writer and other creators, he reveals, exposes, and mends historical and geographical limitations.

Elizabeth Odachi Onogwu (PhD)
Department of English and Literary Studies
University of Nigeria, Nsukka

and

Mmasi Stella-Maris Nnamani
Department of Foreign Languages and Literary Studies
University of Nigeria, Nsukka

This paper explores the multifaceted experience of immigrant adaptation and identity construction portrayed in H. Oby Okolocha's short story, "Kunta: The Area Gentleman." The research delves into the complexities, challenges, and opportunities associated with this journey through the lens of Kunta, a Nigerian immigrant navigating life in Philadelphia. The analysis engages literary explorative techniques to examine how Okolocha uses narrative elements like character development, symbolism, and plot to portray the psychological, social, and cultural dimensions of Kunta's adaptation. The paper explores how Kunta grapples with cultural adjustment, language barriers, and the search for belonging while also acknowledging the internal struggles triggered by memories of his past. Furthermore, the research examines the theme of identity and how Kunta negotiates his evolving sense of self within the context of two cultures. The study considers the potential for identity crisis as Kunta navigates this process while highlighting the importance of support mechanisms for steering the challenges of adaptation. Ultimately, the paper aims to contribute to a deeper understanding of immigrants' unique and diverse experiences, emphasizing the need for inclusive communities that embrace and support newcomers. By studying Kunta's journey, the research sheds light on the complexities of adaptation and identity construction faced by immigrants, offering insights relevant to current discussions on immigration and integration.

Keywords: Migration, identity, adaptation, journey, immigrants

Ermitte Saint Jacques
Department of African and African Diaspora Studies
University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee
saintjac@uwm.edu

This paper interrogates the significance of Spanish citizenship and mobility for Senegalese and Gambian immigrants in Catalonia, Spain. The two types of mobility considered are onward migration in the E.U. and movements between Spain and West Africa. For long-term Senegalese and Gambian immigrants, who are preparing for their "eventual" return home, Spanish citizenship ensures the physical mobility that facilitates transnational projects, as return usually involves continued movement between Spain and West Africa. Given the right of free movement within the E.U. for citizens of member states, naturalized Spanish citizens from Senegal and Gambia can seek economic opportunities in E.U. countries with stronger economies such as France and Germany. The return and onward movements of naturalized Spanish citizens illustrate how mobility conferred through citizenship disrupts notions of belonging that anchor citizens to specific nation-states. Simultaneously, return and onward movements represent the social and economic investments that immigrants have made to secure Spanish citizenship, including renouncing their Senegalese or Gambian citizenship. The prospects of Spanish citizenship for Senegalese and Gambian immigrants involve negotiating rootedness for mobility or the paradox of citizenship. The mobility possibilities of Spanish citizenship for Senegalese and Gambian immigrants broaden understandings of the African Diaspora, which this paper explores.

Maria G. Hamming
University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee
Department of African & African Diaspora Studies
mhamming@uwm.edu

Pan-Africanism in Ghana has transformed, since independence, from a revolutionary movement rebuking Western hegemony to one recalling the memory of this independence era while superimposing it onto contemporary visions of cosmopolitanism. This is evident in heritage tourism to Ghana and the ways in which the Ghanaian tourism sector has recalled the image of Pan-Africanism. Since 2019's Year of Return, the diaspora, namely African Americans, have increasingly returned home to Ghana. Pan-Africanism is used as a tool to frame this sojourn whilst abroad. Pan-Africanism's transformation in Ghana speaks to the at times tense relationship between African American tourists and Ghanaians. This has contributed to cross-Atlantic misunderstandings between heritage tourists and Ghanaians. Without mediation, this misunderstanding will hinder the political, economic and social possibilities that a strong cross-Atlantic relationship promises. This paper looks to heritage tourism to Ghana as a tool by which African American tourists are leveraging their relationship to a pan-Africanist history and their position as tourists from The West to garner privileges in Ghana not often enjoyed by even Ghanaians themselves—suggesting that the allure of Pan-Africanism is not felt by all; begging the question: what, then, are the ties that bind?

Ms. Pooja Priya
Department of Sociology and Criminology
University College Cork, Ireland
ppriya@ucc.ie

Placemaking for migrants within city spaces is studied as finding housing, within the scholarships of Urban Sociology. However, in recent years, due to the neoliberal transformation of the cities as global cities, this ideology has changed, wherein migrants constantly seek a sense of belonging. This could include their role in the Church, and engagement in local businesses within the host city, which potentially increase their social development. However, in the current migration scholarships, social development for migrants particularly African migrants has been overemphasized in the Global North context overlooking the Global South.

Based on the analysis of theoretical debates on belonging, this paper focuses on three aspects. Firstly, it uses an intersectional perspective to study how the gendered and classed identities of the Congolese and Nigerian migrants determine the rate of racism they experience in Delhi, further impacting their social development. Secondly, it explores how colourism embedded in Indian society shapes its racist ideologies and becomes the source of the 'othering' of these migrant communities. Lastly, it discusses how their participation in the Pentecostal Churches gives them a sense of belonging.

Rosemary Akpan
Conflict, Governance and Global Development,
University of East Anglia
UK

Certain nations may gain from luring highly skilled immigrants from other areas to bolster their economies while they are experiencing a scarcity of STEM personnel. Nigerian immigrants are crucial to preserving the country's leadership in cutting-edge industries because they make up a sizable percentage of workers in STEM fields in Europe. However, the consequences of the international movement of highly trained labor in STEM fields are complicated and rely on some variables, including the migrants' characteristics, the policies of the origin and destination nations, and the trickle-down effects on productivity and creativity. STEM for migration is, therefore, a pertinent subject that needs additional research and policy attention. Considering this, this paper will critically analyze the push and pull variables influencing STEM migration in Nigeria as well as the consequences for both the home and destination countries. I intend to explore motivations to study STEM courses in Nigeria and the role of Nigerian STEM workers in international migration, as well as the effects of migration on the destination country and the origin country of these migrants, using theoretical standpoints such as social cognitive theory, human capital theory, and cultural-historical activity theory. How this affects productivity, innovation, public services, health, education, income, and poverty, among other facets of development, will be examined. The primary factors and policies that affect the scope and direction of these effects will also be presented, including the characteristics of migrants, their mode and duration of migration, their integration, the flow of resistance, the regulation of migration, and the collaboration between sending and receiving nations. A few policy recommendations will be included in the paper's conclusion to help all stakeholders involved maximize the advantages and minimize the costs of migration. This will include striking a balance between the demands and interests of many parties, including employers, governments, society, and migrants.

Keywords: STEM, Migration, Innovation, Migrants, Personnel, Stakeholders

Chidinma F. Udechukwu
Women's, Gender, and Sexuality Studies
University of Cincinnati, Ohio

The narrative on African immigrants and migration has been gendered and predominantly male-dominated (Joseph, Takougang, 2012), which often focuses on economic performance, neglecting the experiences of women in settlement processes (Ezekiel, Umo, 2012) as the field of migration studies has not fully embraced feminist migration analysis. Yet, the sustainability of family structure, childcare, and social reproduction in the diaspora are expected of women without consideration of the shift in gender roles by migration. To fully understand the impact of migration on African women's social reproduction, we must, therefore, understand their peculiar experiences and positionalities from an African and black feminist perspective. In this presentation, I discuss the impact of migration on motherhood on African women in postmigration and their coping mechanisms away from their cultural background. I apply intersectional and decolonial theories to analyze Nigerian migrant women's experiences in the diaspora. In this way, I highlight feminist frameworks in migration studies.

Don-Oguzie, Theresa Chinaedozi
English and Literary Studies
Federal University of Technology Owerri - Nigeria.
reezadon@gmail.com

and

Uchenna David Uwakwe
Directorate of General Studies
Federal University of Technology Owerri - Nigeria.
uwakwe.uchenna@futo.edu.ng

Chimamanda Adichie maintains a prominent position among writers whose works have demonstrated a commitment to re-constructing ideologies such as those that negate African culture and identity. Ostensibly, Adichie is inclined to a rhetorical configuration that is reminiscent of the objectives of instituting rhetoric among classical Greek philosophers. M.A.R. Habib observes, "Rhetoric has recently exercised a renewed impact on cultural and critical theory, spanning numerous disciplines" (31-32). In interrogating the author's construction of the anti-immigrant rhetoric, attention would be given to how the narrative extends such existing ideologies in African literature. One of the goals of African writing, which Adichie has not detracted from, is the commitment to recovering the many losses ascribed to the appurtenances of Western civilization. It would, therefore, be that Adichie's brand of rhetoric be decolonized from the patterns that the Greek philosophers had employed. Perhaps it is in so doing that one would appreciate how the author interlaces the elements of her narrative in obtaining such persuasive force as would dissuade the rising 'Japa' syndrome in Nigeria and Africa.

Collins Arinze Omeh
Division of the Social Sciences
The University of Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A.
arinzeomehcollins@gmail.com

This paper investigates the level of progress and commitment of the federal government of Nigeria toward the rehabilitation of displaced Nigerian citizens after relinquishing the controversial Bakassi peninsula to the authority of the Republic of Cameroon in 2008. The study utilized descriptive research design with a qualitative approach, enabling data collection from historical documentaries, published texts, and newspaper records. It explores the efforts of the Nigerian government from 2006-2023. Having lost the oil-rich peninsula to the sovereign control of the Republic of Cameroon following the verdict of the International Court of Justice at The Hague on the 10th of October 2002. Both countries cemented the transfer of control in the Greentree Agreement in August 2006. The friendly treaty, in part, bequeathed Nigerians on the peninsula the right to choose their citizenship. This development has resulted in the displacement of Nigerians who wished not to live under the authority of the Republic of Cameroon. It becomes an obligation, as affirmed by the federal government of Nigeria, to resettle and reintegrate the returnees to their respective homeland by facilitating the provision of necessary facilities.

Faith Nnenna Omulu
Department of History
University of Southern Mississippi, U.S.A.

There has been this gender question on who migrates and who is not supposed to migrate in Igboland. Until recently, the migration rate has been a thing for male folks. Many scholarships have neglected the roles women play during migration in Igboland, how the Igbo society has socially constructed gender, and how it has affected migration. In Igboland, men are regarded as superior to women, mainly because of their physical strength. He is, therefore, designated to provide, protect, and generally lead his household and community. This perception, therefore, influences who migrates. Scholars have paid more attention to the gendered part of leadership, culture, laws, customs, etc., neglecting the gendered part of migration in Igboland. It is this gap in knowledge that this research, relying on both primary and secondary sources of historical investigation, attempts to inquire and examine how the Igbo society perceives men and women and classifies them into roles of who is to migrate from Igboland The paper intends to demonstrate that the Igbo, like its neighboring African societies, engages in migration and that the migration pattern is influenced by gender ideology.

Chinelo Ezeani
English Unit at the Directorate of General Studies
Federal University of Technology Owerri, Nigeria.
Phone +234 803 339 6087
chinelo1028@yahoo.com

and

Uchenna David
English Unit
Directorate of General Studies,
Federal University of Technology Owerri, Nigeria.
+234 803 798 9970
davdumga69@yahoo.com
uwakwe.uchenna@futo.edu.ng

Chimamanda Adichie demonstrates a compelling consciousness of the epochs of African history and its besieging conflicts. Her literary engagements come with certain symbolic echoes of the cultural values associated with Africa's eventful past, some of which she only discovered in their dissipating status. This paper focuses on "The Thing Around Your Neck," which is Adichie's lead story in her short story collection. This work attempts to elicit the subtleties in the perception of 'pacification,' a term that came up in the concluding part of Achebe's Things Fall Apart. Adichie's own perception is that this term translates as condescension or appeasement on the status of the different classes of migrants to the U.S. In experimenting with the second person narrative, 'you' becomes an antecedent to the protagonist's name, Akunna, and in a manner of extension to the audience. Perhaps it also beckons writings on Africa to seek compelling techniques to engage their audience. It is, therefore, imperative to investigate how a symbolic reminiscence of the 'pacification' matter defines the connection between the African writing of the past and that of the contemporary epoch.

Keywords: Pacification, African writing, migration, America, narrative technique, you.

Abutu Freeman Gabriel Adikwuoyi
Department of English, History and International Studies,
Admiralty University of Nigeria.
Ibusa, Delta State, Nigeria.

Migration is a complex process involving multiple economic, social, political, and cultural factors. One aspect of migration that has received less attention is the role of identity in shaping migrants' experiences. This study explores the role of identity in shaping the experiences of northern Nigerian migrants in southeastern Nigeria and their families. With explorative historical methodologies, oral interviews, and participant observation, the paper explores the experiences of northern Nigerian migrants in southeastern Nigeria. The study submits that migrants' identities have been shaped by a number of factors, including their experiences of migration, cultural and religious backgrounds, and economic and social status. The migrants have experienced both positive and negative aspects of their identities, including a sense of pride in their origins and a sense of alienation from their new communities. These experiences have had a significant impact on the migrants' families and communities in both northern and southeastern Nigeria. The results of this study have several implications for understanding migration and its effects on individuals, families, and communities. The study highlights the importance of identity in shaping migrants' experiences. It suggests that migration policies and programs should consider the complex and dynamic nature of identity.

Abutu Betty Avershima
Post-graduate Student of Criminology and Security Studies,
National Open University of Nigeria.
Asaba Study Centre, Asaba, Delta State

Gender is a significant factor that shapes the experiences of migrants worldwide. Despite progress in gender equality, migrants continue to face discrimination and stereotyping based on their gender, which can impact their access to resources and opportunities. This study explores the experiences of Igbo women migrants in Northern Nigeria, focusing on their access to education, employment, healthcare, and social services. With a combination of in-depth interviews, participant observation, books, and the internet, this paper submits that despite the efforts of the Nigerian government and civil society organizations to address gender-based discrimination, there are still significant gaps in knowledge and understanding of this group's specific needs and experiences. For example, they often have limited access to education and employment opportunities, and they are frequently subjected to violence and abuse. In addition, they may experience difficulties accessing essential services such as healthcare and social assistance. The challenges faced by Igbo women in Northern Nigeria are a reflection of broader issues of gender inequality and discrimination. Therefore, by understanding these, we can address them and create a more inclusive and supportive environment for migrants. Further research is needed to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the specific needs and experiences of Igbo women and develop policies and programs to address these needs.

John Arua Ibiam
Department of History and International Studies
University of Ibadan, Nigeria

The emergence of the State of Israel catalyzed an intergroup crisis in the Middle East. Shortly after the declaration in 1948, the Arab world was pitched against the newly established Jewish nation, and since then, they have been engaged in a series of conflicts, including the Six Days War of 1967 and the 1973 Yom Kippur War. Recently, in October 2023, the Palestinians decided to renew attacks on the Jewish civilian population, and Israel's reprisal attacks have elicited fresh attention to the embattled region. This paper aims to analyze the responses from different segments of Nigeria to understand how religious and political interests have shaped both the voices of support and cries of condemnation of the parties involved in the prolonged conflict. Major sources include newspapers, video commentaries, and oral information from diverse groups of Nigerians, which are synthesized with existing literature on how Nigeria fits into that kind of international relationship.

Dr. Michael Nkuzi Nnam
Dominican University (River Forest, IL)
nnam@du.edu 
(312) 927-4725

Exploitation and imperialism are the causes of migration from Africa and Central America into the Western world. I will prove this in three different ways:

1. I will show how the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund force African countries to grow only export crops such as cocoa and other tropical raw materials to keep their prices low enough for the West. The principle underlying the foundation of the World Bank and I.M.F is that individual African countries cannot grow their own food crops or face sanctions, the kind the West tried to impose on China in the 60s. It has caused so much dependency on foreign countries that Nigeria annually spends over $18,000,000 on toothpick importation and $400,000,000 on tomato paste importation.
2. I will use citations from the book Confessions of an Economic Hit Man by John Perkins to show how the West assassinates African leaders who try to expose their control of African resources.
3. I will use the assassination of African leaders such as Thomas Sankara of Burkina Faso in 1987, the 1960 C.I.A. assassination of the recently elected Prime Minister of the Congo, Patrice Lumumba, and the 1954 CIA-sponsored coup d'etat in Guatemala, which cut short a decade-long reformist, democratic experiment led by Juan Jose Arevalo and Jacobo Arbenz, and gave way to successive military governments, and a devastating civil conflict that culminated in state-sponsored genocide of the Mayan population. C.I.A. director, Allen Dulles, justified both interventions on the pretense that Lumumba and Arbenz were communists.
4. All of the above and many more lead to unemployment and impoverishment in African and South American countries. For example, both countries, Guatemala and the Federal Republic of Congo, to this day remain mined in violence, poverty, and brain drain. People rush to the Western world, where their resources have been used to develop, and migration begins to occur as a result!

Uche Uwaezuoke Okonkwo PhD
Visiting Senior Research Associate
Becker Freidman Institute
University of Chicago, U.S.A.

This paper examines the challenge faced by medical personnel in Nigeria during the COVID-19 outbreak and how it resulted in the mass migration of workers from the Nigerian health sector to the West and Middle East in search of a better work environment. The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic revealed the sorry state of the Nigerian health sector, especially the absence of Personal Protective Equipment (P.P.E.) and poor enumeration for workers despite the huge budget mapped out for the health sector. This problem is further exacerbated by the total collapse of the Primary Health Care centers even before the return to democratic rule after a long period of military dictatorship. This development has resulted in mass migrating medical personnel from Nigerian public hospitals to the United Kingdom, Saudi Arabia, Canada, and other parts of Europe. This migration pattern portrays a bleak future for the Nigerian health sector since these migrants constitute the best of the nation's health professionals.

Keywords: Migration, Medical personnel, Covid-19

Helen Chijiago Echebima, PhD
Department of Linguistics and Communication Studies
Abia State University, Uturu, Nigeria
blitherj@gmail.com
helen.echebima@abiastateuinversity.edu.ng 

Migration is the transition of an individual or a group from one society to another. This movement usually involves a permanent or semi-permanent change of residence. For William Peterson, Migration is seen as a relatively permanent movement of a person or persons over a significant distance. Around the world, more people are on the move than ever before. Many seek new opportunities and a better life for themselves and their families. Others are forced to move due to disaster or conflict. Gender is central to any discussion of the causes and consequences of migration, whether forced or voluntary. Thus, we have gender in migration. This gender in migration has some advantages and disadvantages. The advantages herein override the disadvantages. It has expanded the mobility of human beings by adding women's relocation and thus provides women with some power to become independent and challenge traditional society. It has provided social, economic, and skilled development opportunities through exchanges, migration, and immigration. Talented migration creates a brain drain in original countries and a gap to invest in demographic structures such as education and healthcare sectors. It creates a gap in intellectuality that affects a country's development. This paper seeks to know the impact of gender migration on the economic development of the countries. Here, we are going to adopt C1 and C2. Where C1 = the Original country and C2 = the Target country. The theoretical framework this paper adopts is the Feminism. The paper's findings include that gender migration is high due to a gender equality mindset. Again, gender-specific roles should at all costs be abrogated for my people said, Onye aka ruru lie nna ya ,o bughi okpara gburu ya. (whoever is capable should bury his father; it is not the first son that killed him). The paper concludes that there is a high possibility of the world becoming a better and more developed society if gender migration is encouraged.

Key words: Gender; Migration; Immigration; Feminism

Anoruo Rejoice Chukwunyeremugwu
Federal Polytechnic Nekede Owerri
rejoice.orisakwe@gmail.com
07034299775

This paper takes a comprehensive look at "Migration" and sees it as a movement from one location to another seeking development. It identifies various types of migration but focuses on Human migration. It traces the interrelationship between migration and the economic development of the society. The highlight was the Human capital development. This paper presents it as primus inter-pares among other types of migration because it relates directly to economic development through production, involving skills acquisition and experience. Human capital development is a process of acquiring and increasing the number of skilled people in the workforce. It is essential for the development of the economy. Human capital is invested through training, education, and healthcare, thereby giving the workers the basic enablement for production. The paper discussed various impacts of migration on the investment of human capital in developing the economy within the society. The influence of migration on human capital formations was identified at all levels; in the process, major determinants causing migration were exposed, such as the quest for higher production levels and the ability to accommodate mega production challenges. The paper depended on existing literature and oral interviews for authentication of fats. Finally, this paper discusses these facts and exposition and concludes with useful recommendations to policymakers and entrepreneurs.

Karina Adamova
ka810@georgetown.edu
Georgetown University in Qatar, Qatar A
Doha, Qatar

Recently, Germany passed reforms to the Skilled Immigration Act, facilitating the process of gaining permanent residency for skilled migrants. However, many migrants decide to leave the country and move elsewhere upon their arrival in Germany. The most popular destinations were Austria, Switzerland, and the U.S.A. Apart from cultural and historical heritage, Germany and Austria both have relatively strict integration regimes that hardly promote the long-term integration of migrants. This paper focuses on why high-skilled migrants move from Germany to Austria and whether these onward movers are largely attracted by better employment opportunities in Austria or by the chance of stronger social integration. The interviews also highlight the differences between German and Austrian societies that influence migrant integration.

Chizoba A. Egornu
Department of Fine and Applied Arts
Alvan Ikoku Federal College of Education Owerri
Imo State, Nigeria

and

Jovita C. Ogu
Department of Fine and Applied Arts
Alvan Ikoku Federal College of Education Owerri
Imo State, Nigeria

From the beginning, man has always migrated at some point because of his insatiable nature. During the Paleolithic period, the basic need necessitated his migration from one place to another in his bid to survive. By the Mesolithic period, the melting ice again forced him to migrate when the animals he feed on migrated, and he followed suit also in the bid to survive. By the beginning of civilization, the Neolithic period, when he started to construct permanent structures as shelter, he also migrated in search of a better environment. It is, therefore, established that migration is inevitable in man's life. However, some migrations are forced on the migrant and certain factors cause these. This paper looks at forced migration from historical and artistic perspectives. Two research questions guided the study: (1) what factors have aided forced migration? (2) How has forced migration benefited the migrant and his/her new environment? Data were sourced from primary and secondary sources, including artistic representations. Findings show that the search for greener pastures is one of the factors responsible for forced migration, among other factors. Again, migrants have worked assiduously to the development of their new environment

Luke-Odoemena Ijeoma V,
Chukwuemeka Odimegwu Ojukwu University
Uli, Anambra State, Nigeria.

and

Obioha Iwuoha Ph.D
Department of Computer Science,
Federal Polytechnic Nekede, Owerri,
Imo State, Nigeria.

The advancement in information gathering and distribution has turned the world into a global village, and this has greatly affected every area of human endeavors, including people's opinions on moving from one place to another or remaining where they are. This digital age has also fostered how friends and relations connect with their close ties and loved ones online or offline, sharing migration-related information concerning a particular location, therefore stirring up the interest of prospective emigrants in whether to move or not. In the same vein, the migration of people to another place, with time, has continued to affect the way they interact and behave and even the relationships they have with others. This research work explores the reciprocal relationship that exists between Social Networks and Immigration with the aim of discovering how the elements of social networks influence the form and process of immigration, the role that social network plays in facilitating or hindering how immigrants infuse into their new location, the influence of immigration on social network and to what extent social network serves as channels of information and other resources to intending immigrants.

Ugochukwu-Ibe Ijeoma Mary,
Opara Chidiebere C.
& Jidere Ann
Department of Computer Science,
Federal Polytechnic Nekede, Owerri, Nigeria.

This research is a web-based game platform designed as a prototype to help internally displaced persons (IDP's) in Nigeria acquire skills that will help to empower them when they are out of the IDP camp. Many persons or groups of persons have been forced out of their homes in Nigeria due to insurgency, flood, and other life-threatening crises. The research aims to x-ray the advantages of web-based games as a valuable tool for internally displaced persons and broadly points out the importance of using web-based games for skills acquisition. This web-based game skills acquisition platform will include algorithms, pseudocodes, flow diagrams, and the game's design process. The game will be deployed in English on any device with Android and Windows operating systems. The design will present five modules: cake baking, welding, plumbing, electrical wiring, and sowing. Internally Displaced Persons in Nigeria will learn web-based skills. This opportunity will make them self-employed persons, enhancing their lives and means of livelihood after their stay in the IDP camps. It will also help to improve their quality of life and create job opportunities. The researchers will adopt the Structured System Analysis Design Methodology (SSADM) and Object Oriented Programming(OOP) Languages. Python Programming Language will be used as the main programming language for the Web-Based Game Implementation.

Keywords: Web-based Game, Skills Acquisition, Internally Displaced Persons.

Baldwin Anyasodo
Alvan Ikoku University of Education
Arts Department.
Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria

Migration implies the movement of people from one locality to another. Several factors, including poverty, civil war, human rights abuse, and mismanagement of resources by African states, have caused African migration in particular. Environmental degradation and the impact of climate change are pushing more people off the land and creating the need to migrate. This paper explores the causes of migration and its effects on society. It focuses on Nigeria and draws from the push factors shaping Nigerian migration. It will also explore the impact of migration on both migrant communities and host communities. The paper argues that migration provides several advantages for both migratory and host communities and provides critical human skills essential for economic growth, poverty alleviation, and human integration on local and international levels.

Rev. Fr. Andrew Chukwudi Mozia
School of Secondary Education (Business)
Federal College of Education (Technical), Asaba Delta State, Nigeria.

Mobility of persons across the International border is a universal phenomenon, which can be voluntary and involuntary depending on the situation that necessitates such movement. Earlier studies in Nigeria paid much attention to the impact of this movement on national security and less on Human Security, thus warranting this study. This study investigated migration, religion, and social imaginaries in Nigeria. Specifically, the study examined the relationship between cross-border migration and social imaginaries in Nigeria, whether migration facilitated by ECOWAS protocol accentuated the incidence of religious crisis in Nigeria, and determined whether migration contributed to the spread of diseases in Nigeria. The study adopted a secondary method of data collection, while data were sourced from the World Bank Development Index, the International Organization for Migration, the ECOWAS Website, the Department for International Development, and the National Bureau of Statistics. The data collated was analyzed using descriptive and content methods. Classical migration theory was the theoretical framework on which this study was anchored. The findings revealed that cross-border migration did not contribute to the development of social imaginaries in Nigeria. Migration facilitated by the ECOWAS Protocol promoted the incidence of religious crisis in Nigeria. Migration contributed to the spread of diseases such as Human Immune Virus (H.I.V.) among women and Ebola Virus disease. The study concludes that migration and religion did not enhance social imaginaries in Nigeria. The study recommended that the governments of Nigeria, in collaboration with International governmental and non-governmental agencies, such as European Union and United Nations, should assist in addressing the migration issue by reducing the cost of migration and formulating policies regarding the procession of traveling documents and lowering remittance cost; The governments of Nigeria should establish mechanisms for the screening of migrants and returnees at the points of entry to know their health status and improve health facilities by; providing rapid testing equipment, mobile laboratories, and clinics; create programs that support the sensitization of migrants and returnees; The ECOWAS protocol on the free movement of persons should be reviewed and the issues contained should clearly be defined to reduce the diverse crisis and crimes across borders. The government of Nigeria should establish and implement an effective mechanism to properly regulate and prevent the movement of criminals into these countries by ensuring that migrants have the potential capacity to undertake productive ventures in their country of destination. 

Key Words: Migration, Religion, Social Imaginaries, Nigeria. 

Richard Osei Bonsu
Voorzitter
omaniae vzw | Niet Gouvernementele Organisatie |
Bescherming van de rechten van immigranten
Kantooradres: Omaniae vzw |
Provinciestraat  86 | 2018 Antwerpen  

This paper analyses the effects, history, and cultural relation to migration on indigenes' behaviors, focusing on tragedies related to irregular immigration. On the other side, several pull factors discourage undocumented migrants from accepting the voluntary return, but push factors that encourage African migrants to embark on this deadly voyage, risking all to death. My paper applies to Western African countries where an in-depth analysis of external and internal migration plays a crucial role, impacting migration with regard to their socio-cultural ethnic dispensation. Our data is scaled from two national surveys which were conducted under our supervision during research: Identification of community challenges (Finding the root cause of irregular migration). This descriptive analysis focuses on the two types of migration, which also highlights the characteristics of migrants. It also evaluates their social inclusion, contribution to the community transfer amounts, and contribution to recipient households' living conditions. The resort to micro-econometrics gives government and migration control agencies the platform techniques to estimate the effects of migration by controlling endogeneity problems.

Nneka Justina Eze Ph.D
Department of Arts and Social Science Education
Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki – Nigeria

Economic and moral influence connotes the financial and upright living practiced in the Igbo land in search of greener pastures, which mainly brings about migration. Hence, migration is the seasonal movement of animals from one region to another. It can be seen as the movement of a person from one country, locality, place of residence, etc., to settle in another place. In most cases, this is caused by some activities. Sometimes, it can be a positive or negative activity that will bring about migration, which we wish to discuss here to see the reason that pushes people to embark on migration. Moreso, the state of post-colonial activities in Africa will continue to attract further discourses dominating anxieties of the people in the century in the areas of injustices meted out to her and ways of resolving it to foster social changes on incipient African nationalism. All these activities influence the Igbo indigenous of the South East of Nigeria economically and morally.

Onyekachi Cosmos Agubueze
Department of History and International Studies
Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Anambra State

Before establishing the Economic Community of West African States in 1975, the issue of immigration and expulsion had already become a major determinant factor in Nigeria-Ghana relations. In 1969, the Ghanaian Prime Minister, Kofi Abrefa Busia initiated the Ghana Alien Compliance Order, which led to the expulsion of millions of immigrants who were predominantly Nigerians. But in what seemed like a revenge mission, Nigerian president Shehu Shagari, in the early days of 1983, issued the executive order that expelled numerous West African immigrants, most of whom were from Ghana. The massive deportation was dubbed "Ghana Must Go" by zealous Nigerians, and its memory has culminated in a sort of mutual xenophobia well into the twenty-first century. This paper aims to analyze the causes and consequences of these instances of immigration challenge from the perspective of a vindictive relationship to understand how the two West African nations could draw from the tenets of ECOWAS to improve their bilateral relations for the common good. The primary source of analysis includes interviews with knowledgeable witnesses to the expulsions. Information from fieldwork will aid my interpretation of related newspapers, images, speeches, books, and journal articles.

Key Concepts: Vindictive Deportation, Mutual Xenophobia, ECOWAS, Ni

Dr. Ikeanyionwu Chioma
Department of Accounting, School of Business Education
Federal College of Education (Technical), Umunze,
Anambra, Nigeria.

This research explores business education programs' role in addressing Nigeria's migration and human capital development challenges. The paper begins by outlining the current state of migration and its impact on the country's unemployment, poverty, and human capital development. It then discusses the various opportunities for business education programs to make a positive impact, focusing on specific sectors such as the digital economy and agribusiness, and the creative secondary data on migration, unemployment, poverty, and human capital development will be sourced from the World Bank, the Nigerian Bureau of Statistics, and the United Nations Development Programme. The data will be analyzed using descriptive statistics, trend analysis, and regression analysis. The results of the analysis will provide insights into Nigeria's relationship between migration, unemployment, poverty, and human capital development. Finally, it highlights some of the key challenges that must be addressed to ensure these programs' success, such as access, training, and entrepreneurship.

Ifunanya Winifred Udoye
School of Secondary Education(Science)
Federal College of Education (Techincal) Asaba, Delta State, Nigeria.
Phone number: 08125638615
Email address: ifunanyaudoye4@gmail.com

Migration is the movement of people from one geographical region to another, which may be temporary or permanent. People migrate based on the prevailing conditions, and the reasons for migration vary from one person to another depending on the situation that brought about the decision. People tend to move away from a place to escape violence, political instability, drought, congestion in various dimensions and suspected or real persecution. Based on the foregoing, this study investigated the effect of migration on poverty and inequality in Asaba, Delta State. The theory of the Push-pull hypothesis was adopted as the theoretical framework. A survey research design was adopted and the population constitutes the inhabitants of Asaba. A purposive sampling technique was employed to derive a sample size of 250. The questionnaire was employed as the instrument of data collection. Descriptive statistics and chi-square statistical techniques were employed to analyze the data. The results indicate that migration has a significant impact on poverty in Asaba. The study also found that migration significantly impacts inequality in Asaba. The study concludes that migration significantly impacts poverty and inequality in Asaba, Delta State. The study recommends that the government pay attention to rural development, such as good roads, pipe-borne water, health facilities, recreational centers, and schools with adequate learning facilities, in order to reduce the tide of rural-urban migration.

Key Words: Migration, Poverty, Inequal

Okoye Christiana Obiageli
Confucius Classroom
Federal Polytechnic Oko
Anambra State Nigeria

and

Li Linping
Confucius Classroom
Federal Polytechnic Oko

and

Okoye Chidinma Chisom
Modern European Languages
University of Nigerian Nsukka

The years 2010 to 2020 witnessed tremendous growth in the migration rate of Nigerian youths to China. This resulted from the Chinese government establishing the Confucius Institutes in Nigeria through HANBAN- a body responsible for foreign education in the People's Republic of China. Through mutual understanding and agreement, the Chinese government provided Chinese language teachers, materials for Nigerian youths, and juicy scholarships for excellent students to study in Chinese universities. Nigerians, on their part, provided counterpart funds, accommodation, and a conducive atmosphere for the teaching and learning of the Chinese language. This scenario provided the necessary bridge in the language barrier and enhanced the migration of Nigerian youths to China- a country whose products have served global needs for decades. Therefore, this paper explores the extent of this migration, the problems, and the prospects. The study revealed some intercultural exchanges aimed at teaching the values of hard work, diligence, and patriotism, which Nigerians need for any form of meaningful development. The paper suggests serious intervention and support at all levels to ensure the program's sustainability.

Keywords: migration, Confucius Institutes, HANBAN, interAbstract.

Alexander C. UGWUKAH. PhD
Department of History and International Studies,
Babcock University, Ilishan Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria

This paper critically examines migration and brain-drain syndrome and how it has affected the economy from pre-colonial times through the colonial era and down to modern Nigeria. The illegal influx of Nigerians into foreign lands, which started from the slave trade period, transformed into other types of movements, legally and illegally, subsequently becoming a social menace to Nigeria's image. This tendency led to their deportation back to the country,  while others have become slaves, cheap labor, and sex workers in Europe and the diaspora generally. While these actions have led to economic gains for the countries they migrate to, they have also improved life for some migrants. The paper further examines the concept of development and how migration and brain drain syndrome have affected Nigeria over the years. The work adopted a historical content analysis utilizing primary and secondary source materials from the internet or oral interviews with professionals on the subject matter and interviews with Nigerians abroad to share their experiences. The work concludes that Nigeria could be on a path of solid economic development if the governments and the private sector properly harness these human resources.

Keywords: Nigeria, Economy, Human Capital Flight, Development, Migration and the Diaspora